Noise Figure is a decibel (dB) measure of an amplifier's or any active components noise contribution in a system, whereas Noise Factor is a ratio measure of a device's noise contribution. 8-Hour Time-Weighted Average: Average noise exposure figured for an 8-hour period. This equation defines the signal power in dB·Watts that is. Calculator determines partial and total 8-hour time-weighted average exposures and noise doses. 2 ext{ dB} $ Notice the attenuator had very little effect due to the amplifier in front of it! This is the motivation for Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) at the front-end of the receiver with very low loss components in front of it (typically a necessary filter). The OSHA NRR method is as follows:The link budget is an impotant value that enables engineers to design systems based on the required sensitivity of a receiver at a particular distance. 07dB / K T RX 75 1. Here 'G' refers to antenna gain and T refers to system noise temperature. Dosimeters average noise levels over time and calculate a noise dose. Conversions: nf = 10 NF/10 ↔ NF (dB) = 10 * log 10 (nf) See cascade calculations for NF, IP2, IP3, and P1dB. Noise exposure calculator. EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measured radiated power of an antenna in a specific direction. To compute the total uncertainty for your noise figure measurement, you need to take into account other fac-tors including: DUT NF, Gain and Match, Instrument NF , Gain Uncertainty and Match; Noise source ENR uncer-tainty and Match. FRIIS TRANSMISSION CALCULATOR. Cascade Calculator. To calculate thermal noise power, just provide values of temperature (T) and bandwidth (B) of the system and calculator will provide thermal noise power as output. 1. Permissible Exposure Level (PEL): Maximum allowable 8-hour TWA noise exposure (OSHA's limit is 90 dBA). It goes to 0 at 0°K. • The System Noise Temperature, T S , is divided into 3 components : • T a is the contribution from the antenna – Apparent temperature of sky (from graph) – Loss within antenna • T r is the contribution from the RF components between the antenna and the receiver – Temperature of RF components • L r is the loss of input RF. Both vector and scalar noise calibrations are supported, as well as characterization of the noise receiver using a noise source or power meter. Relation between RMS Jitter and Phase NoiseToo Noisy Pro. • Noise Figure (NF) is a measure of how much a device (such an amplifier) degrades the Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). This noise model lets you calculate the amplifier noise figure. 4 Inches [10. Equation 13. Employee works for 2. Noise characterization is discussed from indoor air quality and health perspective. The total noise factor is given as. F SNR SNR I O = . RF Noise Modeling. When both carrier and noise are measured across the same impedance, this ratio can equivalently be given as: where and are the root mean square (RMS) voltage levels of the carrier signal. Wire over Ground Calculator. Take the thresholds for four frequencies (500,1000,2000,3000) for each ear and average them. Decibel, dB. 🔄 Noise Figure to Noise Temperature. testing noise levels. Therefore, the noise figure must be specified concerning a known source impedance—typically 50 Ω. On the right is a screen shot of a calculator that was created to make quick work of predicting noise using these equations. Write P no for the noise output power to be determined later (2-18). 5 dB. To calculate the level at the ear, first measure the worker's noise exposure, either in dB(A) or dB(C). ES-1. 85 Mbps, significantly less. Determine the signal output power P so (2-17). Figure 3. In addition, the filter has a loss of 1 dB. Skin Depth Calculator. The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW, and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal. As mentioned earlier, the NRR on an HPD can’t be taken at face value as it only indicates the number of decibels the device can attenuate under ideal lab conditions. Cart. G/T ratio is referred as figure of merit of the antenna system. and then click the calculate bar, to get the calculated sum. Use the EM Talk noise figure calculator to determine the overall noise figure for a cascaded N-stage amplifier/system. The figure 4. It follows from the equation that the noise of the first stage contributes more to the total noise figure. 5dB. To the authors' knowledge, this calculator is the first calculator of its kind that can a priori predict noise properties of the NMR spectroscopy systems. • Personnel information. Here is how the Drain Current of Low Noise Amplifier calculation can be explained with given input values -> 11. com Cascade Analysis Calculator (Active / Passive) Enter gain, noise figure, P1dB, and IP3 to calculate cascaded system performance. Sum the values that you obtained in Step 1. The gain (G) and noise figure (NF) are given in power ratio (non-dB) quantities. No need to download an excel sheet to do your noise figure calculations! How To Use First, select the number of stages for your cascade. Enter the prefix, symbol and value of the input and output impedances and get the noise figure in decibels (dB) and the noise and gain in dBm. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: Noise Figure (NF) = 10 * log10(SNRin / SNRout)Noise Figure [dB] LNA Noise Figure. 10M. 02 × N + 1. LC resonance calculator LC Balun designer LC Matching Network designer Microstrip impedance calculator Mixer spur calculator mmWave Link Budget calculator Noise Figure/Temp converter Optimal Mitre calculator Path loss calculator Phase Noise to Jitter converter PLL PFD Frequency calculator PLL loop filter calculator Potential divider calculator If you begin with a system at room temperature (290 K) and add a component at the input that itself has a noise temperature of 290 K, the doubling of noise power increases the overall noise figure by 3 dB (2*290-290=290). F 2 the noise figure of the second component and G 1 the power gain of the first component. This distance attenuation calculator is a tool that lets you analyze how the sound propagates in the air. Click here to go to our calculator page to check out our three-stage cascade calculator. The amplifier is to be built by adding a low-noise first stage to an existing amplifier with existing characteristics as follows: Stage 2 has 20 dB power gain; 3 dB noise figure. 1 is used to calculate cascaded noise figure as a ratio based on ratio values for gain and noise figure (do not use decibel values). A higher SNR indicates a cleaner and more robust signal, while a lower SNR suggests a signal that may be susceptible to interference or noise. When we hear a very loud noise, we experience unpleasant feelings. The noise figure NF is defined as the noise factor in units of decibels (dB): where SNRi, dB and SNRo, dB are in units of (dB). As a test, 10 * log (2) should give an answer of +3 dB. It receives the noise figure inputs (in dB) and power gain inputs (in dB) and accurately calculates the total noise figure and total gain of the cascaded circuit (for example, multistage-amplifier). This states that the overall noise figure of N cascaded devices is the noise figure of the first component plus the noise figure of the subsequent components reduced by the cumulative gain of to each components input. Signals are above the noise floor and noise is below the noise floor. Example: Find the dB noise power of a pump from a meter reading of 87 dB pressure taken 9 feet from the pump. of Kansas Dept. NF in ADCs There are a couple of ways to go about calculating the input noise spectral density of an ADC, but using the SNR specification is easy. The noise calculation charts are detailed for interference of noise waves based on a benchmark solution. It is also called Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. Next, determine the noise floor (dB). In no event will Qorvo be liable to any user of these tools for any loss or. Mixer Noise Figure Using 4-port Model L t S S kT S kT S kT S . The PN() function is used to calculate the phase noise after transient simulation with this equation: (p. 00, July 2022 4 Rohde & Schwarz Noise Figure Measurement Application Specifications The specifications of the R&S®Fxx-K30 noise figure measurement application are based on the data sheet specifications of: • R&S®FSW signal and spectrum analyzer • R&S®FSWP phase noise analyzer • R&S®FSMR3000 measuring receiver •. The formula to calculate sound attenuation over distance for a point source is: Lp (R2) = Lp (R1) - 20·Log10(R2/R1) Where: Lp (R1) = Known sound pressure level at the first location (typically measured data or equipment vendor data) Lp (R2) = Unknown sound pressure level at the second location Location. Noise figure is the measure of degradation caused by the components of the system. It is possible to relate the 1/f noise measured in the 0. The Friis path loss formula. This is just for illustration. The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW, and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal. NF is noise figure and Y is the Y-Factor. 01MHz). Cascade Calculator. Since it is represented in a. Figure 4. The technician makes rounds to read gauges and instruments that are located in an area with a noise level of 105 dBA. dBm To Watt Calculator. When using the formula in a software program or in a spreadsheet, it is more convenient and efficient to calculate each. CALCULATOR Free Mobile App for. The following steps outline how to calculate the Receiver Sensitivity. Noise Figure is the amount of noise that the DUT is adding in a 50 ohm test setup. First, we will discuss spectrum analyzer sensitivity in terms of its noise floor and then go85719A noise figure measurements personality, which allows the spectrum analyzer to measure noise figure. 3 ÷ . Advertise with us;. e. Support derivatives of Voronoi noise. This formula is derived from the definition of Noise factor F. This application note shows that the effect of noise from subsequent stages in the receiver signal chain is reduced by the gain. “IEEE” variant of SSB noise figure. The computations can be performed with the uncertainty calculator. By the IEEE's definition, F and NF are not SNR. Stage 2 is an LNA, G2 = 15dB and NF2 = 1dB. Max. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices,. First, at the subarray level the SNR increases slightly more than 10logN. L has the units of w/w. N in is the noise level at the input, S out is the signal level at the output. In this case, the term effective resolution is used. NOISE • noise voltage • independent of frequency, “white” noise. It has an integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) that provides a. 01 and 99. • Noise Figure (NF) is a measure of how much a device (such an amplifier) degrades the Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). OP177 input voltage noise spectral density on the left-hand side of the diagram, and the 0. Since noise varies in an unpredictable manner from one point in time to the next, taking the ratio of the mean-square signal to the mean-square noise forms the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Cutoff Frequency of Lowest Order Mode: 6. No need to download an excel sheet to do your noise figure calculations! The VectorStar Noise Figure Uncertainty Calculator is a standalone program used to provide the user a tool for easily determining measurement uncertainty while using the VectorStar Noise Figure Measurement – Option 41; the calculator will operate on the desktop of VectorStar or an external PC and is an executable launched from the program. This application note shows that the effect of noise from subsequent stages in the receiver signal chain is reduced by the gain. Applications of microwave and millimeterwave radiometers have made it important for many of us all to be able to switch back and forth between the two scales. This amplifier is manufactured using a high-reliability GaN HEMT process and has been designed to provide optimal output power, efficiency. The noise factor and attenuation are $ 10^{4/10} = 2. This calculator will be used in the examples to follow. VSWR Calculator. In summary, there are three equations used to calculate noise voltage from noise spectral density. When using calculators and spreadsheets make sure that base 10 is selected. Disclaimer: Qorvo makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, or reliability of the tools on this web page. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. Noise Power Parameters show the amount of noise coming out of the DUT in a 50 ohm test setup. The interface is simple and designed so children will. A diagram of a two-port device connected to a source resistance. Unused stages should be. More News Noise Calculators Terms & Conditions Help. Variation of noise figure versus inversion parameter at different. • Existing controls. A tool to calculate the measurement uncertainty of a device based on its characteristics and the specifications of the measurement system. 114 GHz. Note that for quasi-three-level laser gain media, this ASE effect is stronger than for four-level media. The Radar Equation Calculator app solves the basic radar equation for monostatic or bistatic radar systems. The signal out of the spectrometer is a digital signal between 0 and 2ⁿ -1, where n is the number of bits. F is the ratio of input to. Figure 4 above shows the . To use an exact value in the calculator, give the value to the greatest number of significant figures in the calculation. Example of a time domain plot from a HB simulation. 18* (43-32))/2. The Cascaded Noise Figure formula and calculator help engineers analyze and design these systems while considering noise performance. Antenna noise figure is a way of expressing the noise power produced by the antenna (presumably when it's pointing at the cold sky). Signal to Noise Ratio. P =K*T*B. The free space path loss is the loss in signal strength of a signal as it travells through free space. Noise Figure Meter/Analyzer is employed as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, the integrated output noise power Pout,NI [W] is converted into an integrated output noise voltage Uout,NI [V] into the output load RL [ ]:Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (F) are ratiometric calculations that are useful in RF system design. Create exponential and polynomial smooth Worley variants. Stage: NF (dB) Gain (dB) Cascaded NF Cascaded Gain *Note. There's plenty of literature, more under radio astronomy. Noise temperature is the noise power of a component that is introduced into a system i. This level can be entered into the calculator along with the NRR figure, which is usually displayed on the protector's box. The purpose of the present paper is to present a consistent approach to modeling the noise figure of optical amplifiers and other optical components and to review noise figure measurement. edu) Author: Kelley, Redmond C. First, determine the overall noise figure (dB). 6), or approximately 2. 1 4. Standard RF Amplifiers . 4. An 85 dBA 8-hour TWA equals 50%. This equation defines the signal power in dB·Watts that is. The VNA noise figure uncertainty calculator. Useful converters and calculatorsRed Bold. Note: P1dB and IP3 should be referenced to the output of each stage. If you work in a noisy place every day, are a fan of loud rock concerts, or are a regular club session participant, check out our. To calculate FM jitter for oscillators, you need to select Noise type=timeaverage +PM or. Other products, however, may be used with the techniques discussed in this. 4. To begin, divide by 10 -12 (0. Balanced Attenuator Calculator. Definition 52. Determine the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the front-end system. Calculate the power gain in decibels, noise figure in decibels, and equivalentnoise temperature for the whole amplifier. To. 1M. background noise collected by the antenna (TA) 2the EMI filter. The simplest way to do this would be to put the numbers into an Excel document with the values in a single column. G/T ratio is referred as figure of merit of the antenna system. Figure 5. Noise figure to/from noise temperature calculator from Pasternack will produce either noise figure or noise temperature, depending on the input type. The background noise has to be more or less constant. 85 equating to 290°K as per IEEE recommendations. The calculator offers four different calculation types, each of which has a unique formula that you must use to calculate the noise value based on your inputs. Click here to go to our page on noise figure (includes a gain/NF cascade example). Use the following equation to calculate the phase noise of a phase-locked oscillator based on the phase noise of the reference oscillator it is locked to: Phase NoisePLL ( ) = Phase NoiseRef + 20*log (fPLL/fRef) {dBc/Hz} Be aware that the equation is theoretical and that a real world PLL will add some of its own intrinsic components to the. The model Code of Practice: Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work guides you on how to do this. Hearing protection calculators. The lower noise figure number, the better. This calculator combines up to 4. Noise Type=jitter: The Noise Type=jitter option only calculates PM jitter for both driven circuits and oscillators. When multiple noise sources act on the same signal, they can either add together or cancel the same way the pulses from a single noise. Band-pass, continuous-time, Σ-Δ (CTΣΔ or CTSD) ADCs use a noise shaping function that essentially pushes or filters the in-band quantization noise out of the frequency band of interest (Figure 3). Mini-Circuits is a global leader in the design and manufacturing of RF, IF, and microwave components from DC to 86GHz. When paired with Keysight’s smart devices, the unce. Next measure the worker's Noise Exposure Level in either dB (A) or dB (C). "Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) to Phase Jitter Converter. frequency (a) at an amplifier’s input and (b) at its output. Also, the resulting calculation is the SNR in decibels. Permissible Exposure Level (PEL): Maximum allowable 8-hour TWA noise exposure (OSHA's limit is 90 dBA). Use the frequency calculator below to convert. Noise Conversion Calculator. Figure 8. Figure 1. Noise figure (NF) The signal source has a certain SNR dB. 258* 120 226K. Noise Figure can be calculated by the formula, NF = 10 log 10 [(T noise /T ref) + 1] NF = 10 log 10 [(35 / 290) + 1] NF = 0. Figure 2 shows a noise analysis diagram for an inverting op amp amplifier with the noise sources identified. 2 Receiver Signal Chain Figure 1. This NRR calculator follows the US OSHA method. In practice, m is usually chosen to be. Calculate the required attenuation. Since i2 d flows partly into. Spectrum analyzer accuracy may not be as good as purpose-built noise figure meters but the spectrum analyzer is more than adequate in ordinary radio work. This tutorial is made with Unity 2020. Assuming a 50Ω. 3. 1 Definition of Noise Figure The noise figure of a device provides a quantifiable measure of the noise that a device under test (DUT) adds to a signal as that signal passes through it. Unless a device is working at absolute temperate zero (-273 degree in celcius), there always are such a noise generated by an object itself. The noise figure (F) of a network is defined as the ratio of the signal-to-noise power ratio at the input to the signal-to-noise power ratio at the output. 51 $. This is explained in detail in Noise Concepts. The noise figure of a device is simply the measured ratio SNR SNR in out exhibited by a device, for a specific. Example analysis of the inverting, noninverting, and differential-amplifier circuits shows how calculations are performed. In my op-amp noise calculator, signal and noise are expressed as voltages, so I use the first formula. 9 stars, $4. This equation defines the signal power in dB·Watts that is. The noise temperature is directly proportional to the temperature in degrees Kelvin. 888 206 4377 Email. This technical note will describe how they are defined and how to measure and calculate them. Formula. G_ {1-1} through G_ {1-14} are total gains in dB at the output of each stage referred to the front-end input. electronics have additional noise. According to the thermal noise formula, the resistor noise in our example is. The free space path loss is the loss in signal strength of a signal as it travels through free space. This is a required field. Higher the G/T ratio, better is the sensitivy of the system to withstand against weak input. This relative rise in noise level is expressed by the amplifier noise figure. SNR_input [linear] = Input_Signal [Watt. The noise figure NF is defined as the noise factor in units of decibels (dB): where SNRi, dB and SNRo, dB are in units of (dB). Next, gather the formula from above = RS = OSF + NF. N out = Noise level at output. Where, T = Temperature in Kelvin/C. 4) 9. Wavelength Calculator. This online minimum detectable signal calculator calculates the minimum. Noise Figure is a decibel (dB) measure of an. Calculate Noise Figure based on the noise temperature of a system. Lower the value of NF better is the performance of the system. Enter the measurement into the calculator and select dB (A) or dB (C) based on the measurement method. Hence, the noise figure F is given by: Figure 4. Consider a two-port device connected to a source resistance, R, at a temperature of T, as shown below in Figure 1. Receiver sensitivity is typically defined in a standard. 1/f noise is not really a stationary process (since the more we wait the more 1/f noise we see) { it is usually approximated by a stationary process with 1/f psd within a frequency range [fmin;fmax] fmin is determined by the circuit observation time" fmax is where 1/f noise psd is su ciently lower than thermal/shot noise EE 392B: Temporal. 05 dB. Calculate the value of the resistors R1, R2 and R3 in a Tee-pad, Pi-pad and Bridged-Tee attenuator. Noise Figure • Noise Figure Figure 1-2. 92 MB (Megabytes) Please keep in mind that our calculated audio file size is just an estimate of the audio file size being considered. If the noise floor (as a spectral density) at the IF port was the same in the desired band. In this equation, everything is in linear regime, from this we can get the. The calculator applies to different types. Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator. Receiver Noise Level RF Chain Calculator ©2011 Redmond Kelley (redmond@ou. The TMC261 from mmTron is a Power Amplifier MMIC that operates from 17. These expressions, along with additional information, can be found here. Figure 1. A Time Weighted Average noise exposure calculator that works out the workers TWA in line with the OSHA regulations. 20 MHz – 6 GHz; 30 MHz – 512 MHz; 500 MHz – 2500 MHz; 2 GHz – 6 GHz;A (hypothetical) noiseless amplifier would have a noise factor of 1, corresponding to a noise figure of 0 dB. Newsletter. Noise Equivalent Bandwidth (NEB) for 1st Order Low-Pass Filter Figure 5. Calculate the received power from an antenna at a specific transmission frequency & antenna gains. The change in period between these two frequencies is 2 ps (that is, 1/99. the input noise spectral density of the device, it is a simple matter to plug it into Equation 2 and calculate F. Third Order Filters A third order filter ideally yields an attenuation of 18 dB perSound Level and Noise Exposure Calculators. Delta to Wye/Star Conversion Calculator. EIRP Calculator. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) • Considering the presence of noise, the important parameter for detection is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) • Factors have been added for processing gain Gp and loss L • Most radars are designed so that • At this point we will consider only two noise sources: 1. In terms of Noise figure, F = Tn/290+1, F is the noise factor (NF = 10 * log (F))Thus, Y = ENR/F+1. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. Measurement from a spectrum analyzer showing a noise-like measurement from an unspecified component. 10 -3. Here is how the Noise Figure calculation can be explained with given input values -> 13 = 390/30. 76 dB, where N is the ADC’s resolution. If the noise figure is referenced to the antenna terminals, receive losses are included in the noise figure. integrated output noise power, with units of Watts [W]. Simulation. For example, if the op-amp is a TLC071, with equivalent input noise voltage density of 7 nV/√Hz, and audio bandwidth, the total equivalent input noise. It can be calculated by the following equation: The Noise Figure is the parameter that is widely used to represent the noise level in RF systems and devices. Noise Figure The Noise Figure (NF) of an amplifier is a block (e. L accounts for a multitude of factors that degrade radar performance. -160. A noise-figure meter resembles a conventional RF receiver but it has controllable bandwidth and an accurate power-level detector. The result for this would be a TWA of 87 dBA and a dose of 65. Below figures show how to add the individual level to estimate total noise level. What we really want to know is the readout noise in electrons. These are shown on the left. Calculator uses the Friis equation for N Stages. To quantify how noisy the circuit is, we define Noise Figure (NF). This is true for any passive component, like a filter, or even antenna inefficiencies. 1 to 10 Hz peak-to-peak noise scope photo on the right-hand V. Home; Products. Real-time spectrum analyzers use. The higher the NRR value, the greater the noise reduction rating. of EECS A: Actually there is! In fact, it is the most prevalent parameter for specifying microwave device noise performance. 3. N F = 10log10 [ T noise T ref + 1] N F = 10 l o g 10 [ T n o i s e T r e f + 1] Where: N F N F = noise figure. Enter in the calculator 80-75 and press calculate. Actually, that's expected. Depending on the situation in front of you, the noise figure calculator enables you to calculate the noise figure's value in various methods. T noise T n o i s e = noise temperature. 27% of the samples are within one standard deviation of the mean value (μ). Noise temperature is the noise power of a component that is introduced into a system i. How to calculate Noise Figure using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Noise Figure, enter Maximum Possible S/N Ratio (SNm) & Actual S/N Ratio at Output (SNout) and hit the calculate button. RF/Microwave. Noise Figure Measurement Using a Two-port Device. Last modified by: Kelley, Redmond C. Use the EM Talk noise figure calculator to determine the overall noise figure for a cascaded N-stage amplifier/system. Noise Factor is the measure of degradation of the signal to noise ratio in a device. F is the ratio of input to output SNR. On the right is a screen shot of a calculator that was created to make quick work of predicting noise using these equations. Noise Factor (F) is the ratio between SNR in to SNR out, and as we know that SNR out is always small; therefore, F is always higher than 1. R1 = Distance from the noise source to. Example 2: not putting the LNA at the antenna$egingroup$ An amplifier with a noise figure F (power ratio, not dB) is equivalent to a noiseless amplifier with a noise power spectral density of (F-1)kT added at the input. Noise Figure & Noise Temperature Calculator pop-up . When you amplify this signal with a noise free amplifier, the SNR dB would stay the same at the amplifier. Mainly noise figure is used to verify the performance of the receiver. ADIsimRF is an easy-to-use RF signal chain calculator. Both vector and scalar noise calibrations are supported, as well as characterization of the noise receiver using a noise source or power meter. 5 bits (80,000 noise-free counts). Problem 4: The reference temperature and the noise temperature are given, which are 290 kelvin and 68 kelvin respectively. 38 x 10 -38 J/K which is already used inside for calculations. That's fast enough for most multi-player online games. S out = Signal level at output. The noise figure number, displayed in decibels (dB), represents the performance by which an amplifier or RF receiver can be measured. Enter Decibel Levels. The default value is 16. To watch more educational videos on how to use ADIsimRF, visit the ADIsimRF video series page. Figure 2 shows a noise analysis diagram for an inverting op amp amplifier with the noise sources identified. The following steps outline how to calculate the Receiver Sensitivity. Example: Find the Noise Figure of a Wireless Reciever Front End. Determine the signal output power P so (2-17). G1 = −2. The (F 2 -1)/G 1 part of this equation is often known as the second-stage. Stage 3 is a resistor attenuator, G3 = −3dB and NF3 = 3dB. Jul 9, 2009. The radar equation relates target range, transmitted power, and received signal SNR. F SNR SNR S N GS GN N N N I O I I I IA A I == × ×+ =+ 1 . Image courtesy of Towards Data ScienceNoise factor, noise figure, noise floor, thermal noise power, noise temperature, white noise, colored noise. Reflected_Power [W] = Incident_Power [W] 2* Γ Power_Absorbed_by_the_Load [W] = 4 * Incident_Power [W] * [VSWR/(1+VSWR2)] Characteristic_Impedance Zo = L / CRadar Equation Theory.